SQLite – Perl

SQLite - Perl

安裝

SQLite3 可使用 Perl DBI 模組與 Perl 進行整合。Perl DBI 模組是 Perl 程式語言的資料庫訪問模組。它定義了一組提供標準資料庫介面的方法、變數及規則。

下面顯示了在 Linux/UNIX 機器上安裝 DBI 模組的簡單步驟:

$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$ cd DBI-1.625
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make install

如果您需要為 DBI 安裝 SQLite 驅動程式,那麼可按照以下步驟進行安裝:

$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$ cd DBD-SQLite-1.11
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make install

DBI 介面 API

以下是重要的 DBI 程式,可以滿足您在 Perl 程式中使用 SQLite 資料庫的需求。如果您需要了解更多細節,請檢視 Perl DBI 官方文件。

序號API & 描述
1DBI->connect($data_source, "", "", \%attr)

建立一個到被請求的 $data_source 的資料庫連線或者 session。如果連線成功,則返回一個數據庫處理物件。

資料來源形式如下所示:DBI:SQLite:dbname='test.db'。其中,SQLite 是 SQLite 驅動程式名稱,test.db 是 SQLite 資料庫檔案的名稱。如果檔名 filename 賦值為 ':memory:',那麼它將會在 RAM 中建立一個記憶體資料庫,這隻會在 session 的有效時間內持續。

如果檔名 filename 為實際的裝置檔名稱,那麼它將使用這個引數值嘗試開啟資料庫檔案。如果該名稱的檔案不存在,那麼將建立一個新的命名為該名稱的資料庫檔案。

您可以保留第二個和第三個引數為空白字串,最後一個引數用於傳遞各種屬性,詳見下面的例項講解。

2$dbh->do($sql)

該例程準備並執行一個簡單的 SQL 語句。返回受影響的行數,如果發生錯誤則返回 undef。返回值 -1 意味著行數未知,或不適用 ,或不可用。在這裡,$dbh 是由 DBI->connect() 呼叫返回的處理。

3$dbh->prepare($sql)

該例程為資料庫引擎後續執行準備一個語句,並返回一個語句處理物件。

4$sth->execute()

該例程執行任何執行預準備的語句需要的處理。如果發生錯誤則返回 undef。如果成功執行,則無論受影響的行數是多少,總是返回 true。在這裡,$sth 是由 $dbh->prepare($sql) 呼叫返回的語句處理。

5$sth->fetchrow_array()

該例程獲取下一行資料,並以包含各欄位值的列表形式返回。在該列表中,Null 欄位將作為 undef 值返回。

6$DBI::err

這相當於 $h->err。其中,$h 是任何的處理型別,比如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。該程式返回最後呼叫的驅動程式(driver)方法的資料庫引擎錯誤程式碼。

7$DBI::errstr

這相當於 $h->errstr。其中,$h 是任何的處理型別,比如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。該程式返回最後呼叫的 DBI 方法的資料庫引擎錯誤訊息。

8$dbh->disconnect()

該例程關閉之前呼叫 DBI->connect() 開啟的資料庫連線。

連線資料庫

下面的 Perl 程式碼顯示瞭如何連線到一個現有的資料庫。如果資料庫不存在,那麼它就會被建立,最後將返回一個數據庫物件。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite"; 
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) 
                      or die $DBI::errstr;

print "Opened database successfully\n";

現在,讓我們來執行上面的程式,在當前目錄中建立我們的資料庫 test.db。您可以根據需要改變路徑。儲存上面程式碼到 sqlite.pl 檔案中,並按如下所示執行。如果資料庫成功建立,那麼會顯示下面所示的訊息:

$ chmod +x sqlite.pl
$ ./sqlite.pl
Open database successfully

建立表

下面的 Perl 程式碼段將用於在先前建立的資料庫中建立一個表:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
                      or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY
      (ID INT PRIMARY KEY     NOT NULL,
       NAME           TEXT    NOT NULL,
       AGE            INT     NOT NULL,
       ADDRESS        CHAR(50),
       SALARY         REAL););
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt);
if($rv < 0){
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Table created successfully\n";
}
$dbh->disconnect();

上述程式執行時,它會在 test.db 中建立 COMPANY 表,並顯示下面所示的訊息:

Opened database successfully
Table created successfully

注意:如果您在任何操作中遇到了下面的錯誤: in case you see following error in any of the operation:

DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398

在這種情況下,您已經在 DBD-SQLite 安裝中打開了可用的 dbdimp.c 檔案,找到 sqlite3_prepare() 函式,並把它的第三個引數 0 改為 -1。最後使用 makemake install 安裝 DBD::SQLite,即可解決問題。 in this case you will have open dbdimp.c file available in DBD-SQLite installation and find out sqlite3_prepare() function and change its third argument to -1 instead of 0. Finally install DBD::SQLite using make and do make install to resolve the problem.

INSERT 操作

下面的 Perl 程式顯示瞭如何在上面建立的 COMPANY 表中建立記錄:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
                      or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
      VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ));
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
      VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
      VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
      VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ););
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

print "Records created successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

上述程式執行時,它會在 COMPANY 表中建立給定記錄,並會顯示以下兩行:

Opened database successfully
Records created successfully

SELECT 操作

下面的 Perl 程式顯示瞭如何從前面建立的 COMPANY 表中獲取並顯示記錄:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
                      or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0){
   print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

上述程式執行時,它會產生以下結果:

Opened database successfully
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  20000

ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY =  15000

ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000

ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000

Operation done successfully

UPDATE 操作

下面的 Perl 程式碼顯示瞭如何使用 UPDATE 語句來更新任何記錄,然後從 COMPANY 表中獲取並顯示更新的記錄:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
                      or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ){
   print $DBI::errstr;
}else{
   print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0){
   print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

上述程式執行時,它會產生以下結果:

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows updated : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  25000

ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY =  15000

ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000

ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000

Operation done successfully

DELETE 操作

下面的 Perl 程式碼顯示瞭如何使用 DELETE 語句刪除任何記錄,然後從 COMPANY 表中獲取並顯示剩餘的記錄:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
                      or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID=2;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ){
   print $DBI::errstr;
}else{
   print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0){
   print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

上述程式執行時,它會產生以下結果:

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows deleted : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  25000

ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000

ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000

Operation done successfully